North Carolina is one of "very few states" that give the governor sole discretion to pick judges.
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N.C. Senate President Pro Tem Phil Berger, left, and N.C. House Speaker Tim Moore talk during a news conference at the Legislative Building in Raleigh, N.C., Thursday, May 17, 2018. (via The News & Observer)
NC Speaker says constitutional amendment puts NC in line with other states
There must be a shift in the universe if all of the living former North Carolina governors, both Democratic and Republican, come together to take a stand against the actions of the General Assembly.
What exactly is that cosmic force? A constitutional amendment that would take away the governor’s sole power to appoint judges during vacancies, and hand it over to the General Assembly.
Democrats have decried the proposal as a seismic power shift, and a three-panel judge three-judge panel recently told the legislature (which is controlled by Republicans) to rewrite the amendment language.
How radical is this power shift, really?
Not very, says House Speaker Tim Moore.
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Moore said on Aug. 24 that the proposed constitutional amendment "actually puts us in line with what most other states do. Very few states allow a governor unilateral and sole discretion to pick those judges who continue to serve."
What the proposal would change
Currently, in North Carolina, the governor has the full discretion to appoint someone to fill a vacant judicial seat to serve until the next general election. Judges in North Carolina are selected through partisan elections.
The constitutional amendment, if it passes, would lead to the creation of a Nonpartisan Judicial Merit Commission of no more than nine members. The members of the commission would be picked by the governor, the General Assembly and the state’s chief justice. The commission would verify that all candidates who apply are legally qualified and assess their merit, without regard for party affiliation. The list of candidates then would go to the General Assembly, and lawmakers would pick at least two for the governor to choose from.
Is this a revolutionary change? Not really.
What other states do
When PolitiFact reached out to Moore’s office, spokesperson Joseph Kyzer cited a Ballotpedia page that says "34 states and the District of Columbia use some variation of assisted appointment." The Ballotpedia information includes all states that use a merit commission in some form, including for first-term appointments, judicial vacancies or in combination with other methods.
According to data from the New York University’s Brennan Center for Justice, most states do actually have some type of merit commission in place to help select judges.
When filling a state Supreme Court vacancy, 34 states do use some type of merit nominating commission during the process according to the data from the Brennan Center.
Only seven states currently allow the governor to directly fill state Supreme Court vacancies: Alabama, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Arkansas and Washington.
When filling vacancies in state appellate courts, the Brennan Center reports, 23 states use a nominating commission. Meanwhile, 34 states use nominating commissions to fill vacant judgeships in trial courts.
Types of merit selection
It sounds as if most states do have some type of merit nominating commission, although there are a few differences in how they operate.
Missouri was the first state to have a merit commission in 1940. Its setup is often regarded as the "gold standard" merit commission plan. The Missouri State Bar, Governor and Supreme Court have an equal share in choosing commission members. Those members then elect who the head of the commission will be. The Missouri legislature has no say in the matter.
Bill Raftery, a senior analyst at the National Center for State Courts, says some don’t have the Missouri plan in place because states interpret "merit commission" differently and with varying degrees of involvement from legislators. He said because of that the term "merit commission" can be misleading by suggesting that a third party is involved in selecting judges.
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In the proposed North Carolina commission, the General Assembly, Governor and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court would select the commission members. The state’s current Chief Justice is Mark Martin, a Republican. He was elected in 2014 for an eight year term.
According to information from the nonpartisan American Judicature Society, seven states give their legislature some type of role in appointing commission members.
An NC nominating commission
That’s not the only major difference between the proposed North Carolina commission and other commissions.
In the proposed amendment, the role of the commission would be to make sure the candidates are qualified to fill judicial vacancies, as prescribed by the law, without regard to their party affiliation. The commission’s evaluation would then be sent to the General Assembly, who will choose at least two candidates for the governor to choose from.
"The nominating commission is only tasked with determining if the applicants meet the legal qualifications to be a judge, which is different than how nominating commissions are used in other states," said Douglas Keith, counsel in the Democracy program for the New York University’s Brennan Center for Justice.
Stephen Ware, a law professor at the University of Kansas, says that, based on the description in the ballot, the merit commission would play a less powerful role than in other states if its objective is to check "legal requirements as opposed to assessing the pros and cons of applicants and making the hard choices of who would be better."
In fact, most merit commissions are tasked with "narrowing down a pool of applicants to a few finalists" for the governor or legislature to select from says Ware.
Our ruling
Despite differences among the states in how commissions operate, Moore’s statement is mostly true. Most states do in fact have some type of merit commission in place, and these commissions do play a role in appointing judges during vacancies. However, the proposed North Carolina merit commission would have a different role than in most other states. Its primary job would be to make sure candidates are legally qualified to serve as judges, rather than vet applicants.
This story was produced by the North Carolina Fact-Checking Project, a partnership of McClatchy Carolinas, the Duke University Reporters’ Lab and PolitiFact. The NC Local News Lab Fund and the International Center for Journalists provide support for the project, which shares fact-checks with newsrooms statewide.
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Our Sources
Constitutional Amendment House Bill
Ballotpedia on Assisted Appointment for Judicial Selection
New York University's Brennan Center for Justice Data on Judicial Selection
American Judicature Society's Chronology of Merit Selection Ballot Measures
American Judicature Society's Judicial Merit Selection: Current Status
Bill Raftery, Senior Analyst at the National Center for State Courts
Douglas Keith, counsel in the Democracy Program at New York University's Brennan Center for Justice
Stephen Ware, Professor of Law at the University of Kansas
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NC Speaker says constitutional amendment puts NC in line with other states
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