Hillary Clinton sent emails ‘stamped’ Top Secret? No, government reviews paint a different picture

After top U.S. national security leaders erroneously messaged a journalist sensitive operational details about impending military action, political figures on both sides of the aisle called to mind other classified documents incidents. 

Sen. Markwayne Mullin, R-Okla., posted a video on X, asserting that the Trump administration’s use of the commercial messaging app Signal to discuss bombing Yemen was incomparable to Hillary Clinton’s use of a personal email and private email server when she was President Barack Obama’s secretary of state. 

"To compare the two, between Hillary Clinton and what President (Donald) Trump’s cabinet members were doing is absolutely absurd," Mullin said March 26. "Hillary Clinton was sending classified documents that were stamped TS or TSSCI." 

The acronyms are intelligence shorthand for "top secret" and "top secret/sensitive compartmented information."

On the contrary, in the Signal conversation among Trump administration officials, Mullin said no classified information was shared.

Signal contained no classified information. For years, Hillary Clinton shared classified national security secrets from her personal email. Forget about apples to oranges, this is like comparing apples to a steak. pic.twitter.com/dobUV1cDnx

— Markwayne Mullin (@SenMullin) March 25, 2025

That Clinton emailed information marked "TS or TSSCI" was not borne out in any of the investigations into her emails. Although FBI and State Department reports found that some classified material was included among some Clinton emails, none of them were clearly marked as classified or top secret, as Mullin said.

As secretary of state, Clinton used a personal email address ending in @clintonemail.com, which meant its data was housed on private servers in her New York home. The emails have been the subject of FBI and congressional scrutiny for years. 

A 2019 State Department report rebuts Mullin’s statement that Clinton sent classified information. In 2016, the FBI reported that 113 of the approximately 30,000 emails it reviewed contained information that was classified at the time they were sent or received. Of the emails, the FBI reported that "a very small number" of emails containing classified information were duly marked signaling their classification. 

The State Department report said "instances of classified information being deliberately transmitted via unclassified email" were "rare." "There was no persuasive evidence of systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information," it said.

Thomas Blanton, the director of George Washington University’s National Security Archive, said the National Security Archive team has reviewed thousands of the now-public emails from Clinton’s private server. 

"None of them were stamped TS (Top Secret) or TSSCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) at the time they were sent or received," Blanton told PolitiFact. "None of them were even marked as classified at the time she sent or received them." 

He added that the State Department concluded the same thing after reviewing all the emails.

We emailed Mullin’s spokesperson and received no response. 

From July 2016 to September 2019, the State Department’s Office of Information Security reviewed "tens of thousands" of documents, gathered statements from hundreds of past and current State Department employees and conducted dozens of interviews. 

The State Department team concluded that Clinton’s "use of a private email system to conduct official business added an increased degree of risk of compromise," because a private system lacked the security capabilities of State Department networks.

For the sake of speed, classified information was in some instances "inappropriately introduced into an unclassified system," but the people involved were "aware of security policies and did their best to implement them in their operations," the report said. 

The State Department report also said that "a typical security violation involves pre-marked classified information discovered" at the time of the incident, none of which was found. 

"None of the emails at issue in this review were marked as classified," it said.

In 2016, the then-FBI Director James Comey said that of the approximately 30,000 emails the agency analyzed, eight email chains — containing an unspecified number of individual emails — contained information classified "top secret" at the time they were sent or received. Other email chains contained information classified at levels below top secret. Comey did not specify how many emails containing classified information Clinton sent compared to how many she received.

But Comey said that emails containing classified information weren’t properly labeled. 

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"Only a very small number of the e-mails containing classified information bore markings indicating the presence of classified information," he said, without providing the number of emails marked appropriately. 

Comey testified on July 7, 2016, that classified documents come with headers signaling their classification level and acknowledged that the documents in Clinton’s emails had no headers. He also said that three of the approximately 30,000 emails had classification markings.

When asked whether emails lacking headers would have told Clinton that the material wasn’t classified, Comey replied, "That would be a reasonable inference." 

The Justice Department’s 2018 report on the FBI’s handling of the Clinton email investigation said prosecutors found no evidence that Clinton or her aides intended to "communicate classified information on unclassified systems."

The 2018 report also said that the classified emails weren’t appropriately marked.

"The emails in question lacked proper classification markings," it said. "The senders often refrained from using specific classified facts or terms in emails and worded emails carefully in an attempt to ‘talk around’ classified information."

The 2018 report said prosecutors recommended against prosecuting because "none of the emails contained clear classification markings as required." Three email chains included paragraphs marked "C" for confidential. But that’s not a complete or sufficient classification marking.

Mullin said, "Hillary Clinton was sending classified documents that were stamped TS or TSSCI."

Mullin provided no information supporting his statement and FBI and government reviews contradict him. 

In 2016, Comey testified that three of the approximately 30,000 emails reviewed had any classification markings at all, and those markings did not signal the documents were top secret or TSSCI. A 2018 Justice Department report reiterated that the emails "lacked proper classification markings." And a 2019 State Department report said "none of the emails" reviewed "were marked as classified." 

We rate this claim False.

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